International Adoption Should Not Be A Viable Adoption Source

The image of an American family changed dramatically over the last fifty years. American families are no longer modeled after the Cleavers. International adoption has contributed to this changing family view, bringing in children who are not biologically related to their parents and often of a different race. This new American image has helped to reduce race related issues. Children are the future of a country. If a country is losing their children to international adoption; the county is losing the gifts and talents that are irreplaceable in those children. Intercountry adoption should not be a viable adoption source because this process does not adequately benefit those involved, international adoption exploits poor children and hurts their countries of origin. International adoption takes children out of their countries, and this can lead to the risk of alienating the children. Parents that adopt foreign children may be ill-equipped or uneducated in their adopted child’s cu lture and this can steer the loss of the child’s cultural identity. Culturally, we pass on our values and beliefs through our family structure; our heritage is part of our identity. People who are raised in another country could miss out on learning about their ethnic heritage. Medical writer Meg Brannagan claims internationally adopted child s question where their place is in a racially diverse family. Brannagan also explains internationally adopted adults raised in the United StatesShow MoreRelatedInternational Adoption Crisis Should Not Be A Viable Adoption1257 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Adoption Crisis The image of an American family has changed dramatically over the last fifty years. American families are no longer modeled after the Cleavers. 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Essay on The Rise and Fall of The Roman Empire - 1033 Words

Power. Dominance. Strategy. One of the greatest and most predominant empires ever built that controlled and reined over much of the entire continent of Europe is known as the Roman Empire. The Romans were beyond the most tactical and strategic army, and obtained the most authoritative military control throughout ancient history. The Roman Empire was not only a militia of brute force and authority, but their political systems also were amongst the most developed and functional governances. The Romans contained a civic virtue, which was the outline of core values of their Roman culture. The Romans were infatuated and captivated by displayed affluence of their culture, they were obsessed with sexual intercourse, freakish and sensationalistic†¦show more content†¦This caused even more conflict in Rome, which is known as an inequality between the plebeians and patricians and led to the conflict known as the Struggle of the Orders (134). Their core values had completely reversed t hemselves from wanting to obtain a world power and authority into a culture that preferred things to be handed to them instead of going out and taking them like they had been doing, which led to the Romans being no longer free. Furthermore, the Roman Empire was more concerned with displaying affluence instead of building its wealth. The Romans seemed to be very materialistic and they wanted to build very rich and beautiful temples and buildings rather than expansion in goods that could be traded or perhaps in an agricultural development that could have led to more wealth (130). The Romans built bathes that included gymnasia where men exercised, snack bars and halls where people could read and chat, and even libraries and lecture halls (136). Instead of the Roman’s investing their efforts in something more lasting, the Roman Empire wanted it to be known to the world that they had the answers for everything and could overtake anyone and anything within reach. Additionally, the Romans were obsessed and infatuated with sexual intercourse and the perversions of sex. The Romans adopted this concept from their captured GreeksShow MoreRelatedThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe era dominated by Roman empire is one the most well-known and influential periods of history, home to famous names from Julius Caesar to Jesus Christ. At its height, Rome’s territory stretched from the Atlantic coastline to the Middle East, reigning over 60 million people, one-fifth of the population of the ancient world. However, the Roman empire’s treatment of their conquered people’s and their own citizens ultimately led to the permanent downfall of Rome. Even in the century before theRead More Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe Romans were on one of the greatest people of all. They had power, wealth, and even a half of the world. They built one of the strongest and vast empire that world has ever seen. They came from nothing to something awesome. It started of as a city and ended up being one of the greatest empire of all. This essay is going to focus on the Roman Empire from the rise to the fall and the government, architecture, mythology, Family Structure, and Food of the Romans. As the story goes, Rome was foundingRead MoreThe Roman Empire And The Rise And Fall Of The Papacy1337 Words   |  6 Pagesestablishment of Christianity may be considered a very essential part of the history of the Roman Empire and the rise and fall of the papacy. The history of the Papacy began over two thousand years ago with the reign of John Paul II. 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Collaboration To Prevent Zoonotic Disease Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In 1899 Sir Patrick Manson wrote â€Å" aˆÂ ¦that the lower animate beings, particularly. . . We will write a custom essay sample on Collaboration To Prevent Zoonotic Disease Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now those that are closely associated with adult male, play an of import portion in the transmittal of human disease is now merely going to be appreciated. . . for one time in a manner, scientific discipline is immensely in progress of pattern. Our sanitarians and the public do non to the full recognize all that the community of involvement, as respects disease sources, of adult male and animal agencies in the spread of disease. At all events if they do understand it they surely do non move as if they appreciated it. † Since so, research workers have discovered a scope of agencies by which assorted diseases may be transferred from animate beings to people. Besides direct animate being contact ( consumption, animate being bites, diseased carnal handling ) these include direct or indirect exposure to septic tissues, piss, spit, secernments or fecal matters through tegument or mucose membranes, inspiration of contaminated aerosols or dust, bites from arthropod vectors, and research l ab accidents ( Baptiste et al, 2005 ; Dabritz and Conrad, 2010 ) . Bender and Minicucci ( 2007 ) modified the 1959 World Health Organisation definition of zoonotic diseases to be â€Å" Those diseases and infections that are of course transmitted between craniate animate beings and adult male, with the animate beings functioning as the reservoir where a pathogen lives or persists and multiplies. † Despite this possible for disease transportation, it is estimated that 63 % of families ain at least one pet ( McNicholas et al, 2005 ) . The bond between worlds and animate beings has been recognized for many old ages, and favored ownership has been associated with psychological, emotional and physical benefits. Surveies have identified stress decrease, decreased feelings of depression and disaffection, reduced cardiovascular disease, higher endurance from myocardial infarctions, reduced hazard of asthma and allergic coryza as advantages of having comrade animate beings ( Friedmann et al, 1980 ; Anderson et Al, 1992 ; Spencer, 1992b ; Patronek and Glickman, 1993 ; Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Villar et Al, 1998 ; Siegel et Al, 1999 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . Unfortunately, the zoonotic transmittal of infective diseases amongst immunocompromised persons and their pets is frequently overlooked, ignored or over overdone. While possible zoonotic pathogens of concern to immunocompromised in dividuals include Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp. , Salmonella spp. , Campylobacter spp. , Giardia lamblia, Rhodococcus equi, Bartonella spp. , Mycobacterium marinum, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydia psittaci, and zoophilic dermatophytes, appropriate hygiene and instruction can dramatically cut down the hazards ( Trevejo et al, 2005 ) . With the exclusion of Bartonella henselae ( cat abrasion disease ) and zoophilic dermatophytes, the predating infections in worlds are more normally acquired from beginnings other than pets, and the infective disease hazard from having pets is considered low even amongst immunocompromised persons ( Spencer, 1992a ; Jones et Al, 1999 ; Robertson et Al, 2000 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . However, HIV-infected and immunosuppressed individuals may still be advised non to ain pets, or to dispose of their comrade animate beings. Since people are more likely to hold their Canis familiariss and cats vaccinated against hydrophobias than to hold the ir kids vaccinated against grippe ( Rock and Lail, 2009 ) , fear that they may lose their pets can take sick persons to wholly avoid intervention. Therefore, concern for the wellness and public assistance of pets can supply a strategic gap for conveying information sing human wellness and health by health care professionals. Given that human medical specialty does non by and large explore the function of animate beings in the transmittal of zoonotic agents, and veterinary medical specialty does non pull off the clinical facets of human disease, zoonotic disease bar amongst immunocompromised individuals requires engagement of both doctors and veterinaries. Immunocompromised Persons When sing the immunocompromised as a vulnerable population, there is a broad assortment of root causes for immune map decrease amongst the most immunosuppressed groups. The cardinal similarity between them all is that they are more susceptible to serious unwellnesss from infections associated with pathogens from animate beings, insects, nutrient and H2O. This is due to impaired immune system map which consequences in a decreased ability to battle the resulting infections. Primary or inborn immunodeficiencies are caused by familial or innate upsets, B- and T-cell lacks, and defects in unconditioned unsusceptibility, while acquired immunodeficiencies include the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( HIV/AIDS ) , impaired unsusceptibility from chemotherapy or radiation, splenectomy, diseases of bone marrow, and protein-calorie malnutrition ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressive therapy for grafts of bone marrow, haematopoietic root cells, and solid variety meats enhances the hurtful e ffects of underlying unwellness or organ failure. Malignancy, diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s syndrome, gestation, hypogammaglobulinemia, extremes of age, alcohol addiction, and asplenia besides impair host unsusceptibility to changing grades by impacting endocrine and immune cell degrees, reactions and sensitivenesss ( Abbas et al, 2009 ) . Therefore, it is of import to acknowledge that immunocompromisation is a far making term which includes those enduring from HIV/AIDS, pregnant adult females, babies younger than 1 twelvemonth, people older than 65 old ages of age, people taking immunosuppressive medicines ( such as transplant organ receivers ) , people having chemotherapeutic agents, and people enduring from diabetes, nephritic failure, malnutrition, liver cirrhosis, or assorted other immunosuppressive diseases or conditions. A conservative estimation is that about 20 % of the United States population is considered immunocompromised ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) , and there is no ground to surmise that this is non the same in Canada. This figure is expected to increase as the overall population ages, and as malignant neoplastic disease and HIV/AIDS therapies improve taking patients to hold longer endurance rates ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Preventing Zoonotic Disease Transmission in Immunocompromised Populations There are of import factors that immunocompromised individuals need to see with respects to pet ownership, and by and large most writers agree on several cardinal points refering to these issues. First, that immunocompromised persons need to carefully see the important hazards of favored ownership and that instruction leting them to make so needs to be provided in an empathic, caring environment ( Kotton, 2007 ) . Second, that few immunosuppressed individuals initiate these conversations themselves ( Davis, 2008 ) . Last, that there does non look to be consistent duologue or coaction between the Fieldss of human and veterinary medical specialty ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . In order to get the better of these jobs and travel towards a declaration of the issue of zoonotic disease transmittal, physician-veterinarian relationships need to be established early. In a survey sing the attitudes of veterinaries and doctors towards zoonotic diseases amongst immunocompromised patients, doctors were uncomfortable discoursing the function of pets in the transmittal of zoonotic diseases. Alternatively doctors preferred that veterinaries initiate those treatments ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . However, without physician support, most patients do non see veterinaries as a beginning of information sing human wellness ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Robinson, 2000 ; McNicholas et Al, 2005 ) . This is despite most veterinaries recognizing their function in public instruction refering zoonotic disease bar, and being prepared for stronger partnerships with public wellness bureaus ( Lipton et al, 2008 ) . As the theoretical account of coaction between wellness professionals alterations into a system of One Health, opportunities to develop schemes specifically adopted towards the bar of zoonotic disease within vulnerable immunosuppressed populations could originate. Currently policies remain in their babyhood as comprehensive, comparative medical specialty has merely late regained widespread entreaty. Generally, schemes have been centred on the distribution of educational booklets and stuffs on the subject of comrade animate being related zoonotic diseases, or little marks within medical waiting countries promoting patients to talk with their wellness professional to heighten bar ( Beck and Meyers, 1996 ; Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Bender and Minicucci, 2007 ; Pickering et Al, 2008 ) . Unfortunately, despite the fact that these methods may at first appear empowering, it is improbable that many patients are within the appropriate phase of alteration to originate alterations, and therefore are unwilling to utilize the resources. Furthermore, it has been suggested that on norm, veterinaries engaged in treatments sing zoonotic disease merely twice per hebdomad, and doctors seldom, if at all ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ) . This farther demonstrates the deficiency of information being communicated to patients. However, despite the lack of concrete stairss taken towards seting specific policies into topographic point, the undermentioned suggestions have been put frontward as recommendations for cut downing the transportation of zoonotic disease to immunosuppressed persons. 1. Increased public instruction demands to be provided to immunocompromised persons and their households. a ) Education sing appropriate attention and hygiene of pets, and people in contact with comrade animate beings needs to be provided ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . This includes manus rinsing after contact with pets, every bit good as care of a clean, healthy environment, modus operandi and regular veterinarian attention ( including handling with appropriate parasiticides ) , and regular pet hygiene ( e.g. niping cats claws, cleaning litter box day-to-day, forestalling Canis familiariss from creaming, etc ) ( NASPHV, 2009 ) . It is of import besides that comrade animate beings are spayed or neutered to cut down the potency for contact with venereal secernments. Discussions sing appropriate eating wonts are important, as immunocompromised patients should ne’er feed their pets natural meat due to the increased hazard of transmittal of pathogens such as Salmonella and tineas to their pets, which can so go vectors themselves. Imm unosuppressed persons must keep their ain hygiene, as integral mucocutaneous barriers are one of the few defense mechanisms against development of disease. B ) Recommendations refering appropriate pet purchases and contact with bad species need to be outlined ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Immunosuppressed individuals should avoid holding any reptilians or amphibious vehicles, wild or alien birds, or gnawers as pets. Additionally, many persons are non cognizant that acceptance of an grownup animate being reduces the opportunities of infection with a GI zoonotic disease. 2. Improved coaction between wellness attention professionals needs to be maintained in order to place possible zoonotic state of affairss. a ) Health professionals must join forces sing their consciousness of the hazards of infection and showing marks of disease in both human and carnal patients ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Mani and Maguire, 2009 ) . Knowledge of susceptible persons within the same family, such as an sick pet or individual, allows wellness attention practicians to give appropriate advice and instructions on bar of disease transmittal. Comprehensive medical direction programs can so be given in order to maximise life anticipation and minimise morbidity for both human and carnal patients. B ) Dialogue refering zoonotic diseases present in the patient ‘s and the community ‘s environing environment must be undertaken within a squad environment ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . Currently disease surveillance is fragmented, with human wellness professionals describing to different administrations and sections in authorities than veterinary professionals. If this were synchronised there would be a greater opportunity of placing possible zoonotic eruptions prior to occurrence, every bit good as hastening local responses required to command events. 3. Integrated instruction for doctors and veterinaries can cut down the uncomfortableness that wellness professionals feel at the thought of collaborative treatments. a ) Comprehensive instruction on the topic of public wellness, zoonotic disease and immunocompromised patients during professional preparation can cut down the fright of treatments on the topic ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Combined veterinary and medical preparation both during preparation and through continuing instruction post-graduation through required coursework or workshops ensures consistence in the messages given to patients sing zoonotic disease every bit good as furthering collaborative working relationships between professionals that can transport frontward to future interactions. 4. There should be increased scientific survey on the subject of disease transmittal between immunosuppressed persons and their pets. a ) Research performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of zoonotic disease transmittal could formalize present twenty-four hours concerns and sentiments ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ; Hemsworth and Pizer, 2006 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . To day of the month at that place have been no randomised controlled tests, and few instance control surveies on the subject of disease transmittal amongst immunosuppressed persons, taking to guess as to the overall hazards of infection. Misconceptions of elevated hazard of pet-acquired unwellnesss often lead households to acquire rid of darling pets unnecessarily doing indefensible emphasis and depression. This is despite the fact that the bulk of pets do non do any greater hazards to immunocompromised patients than interaction with other people or the environment would ( Burton, 1989 ; Wallace et Al, 1993 ) . B ) Studies performed jointly by doctors and veterinaries on the topic of successful wellness promotional activities could promote farther integrating of these schemes and enterprises, and create and drift for future support ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Kahn, 2006 ) . There exists small literature on which wellness promotional schemes appear to hold had a important impact on the decrease of zoonotic transmittal of disease amongst pet proprietors. 5. Improved visibleness of health care professionals within the general community can advance discourse in the subject of disease transference between comrade animate beings and their vulnerable proprietors. a ) Evidence of the presence of the support available for immunocompromised patients with pets can take to more unfastened communicating between patients and the health care professionals with whom they interact ( Grant and Olsen, 1999 ; Lipton et Al, 2008 ) . It is recommended that doctors and veterinaries affiliate with support groups to promote patients to utilize all preventative and diagnostic steps available. Strategic Examples As mentioned, one of the cardinal wellness publicity schemes recommended by several writers was specialised, comprehensive instruction of the particular immunocompromised population. Health instruction is geared to better the cognition that a mark population holds sing the specific issue being discussed. A assortment of methods can be used to leave this information, from printed paperss ( including booklets, postings or manuals ) , to diverse media mercantile establishments ( including telecasting or wireless advertizements or internet web sites ) , to interactive public treatments ( including community meetings and particular involvement groups ) . Currently, wellness instruction sing the transmittal of zoonotic diseases between immunocompromised persons and their comrade animate beings by and large takes the signifier of marks, booklets or postings in medical and veterinary office waiting suites. For best pattern, educational stuffs should be designed by a collaborative squad of do ctors, veterinaries, nurses and wellness publicity specializers. For illustration, the Center for Disease Control presently maintains a web site that contains many client educational resources, including booklets and postings aimed at cut downing zoonotic disease transmittal in immunosuppressed populations for medical and veterinary offices ( CDC, 2011a ; CDC, 2011b ) . These resources are designed by their epidemiological public wellness specializers. Unfortunately, as was mentioned antecedently, even though these are first-class resources, as a inactive resource they are merely utile when they are used, and so make non truly empower the patient. A client ‘s sensed susceptibleness to disease and personal cues to action will play important functions in whether they choose to take the stuff, and so whether they choose to prosecute their wellness professional in the necessary duologue to do of import changes to their state of affairs. As good, the patient must be willing to take action one time they have acquired the recommendations. So while wellness instruction can ensue in improved communicating with patients as a starting point for originating treatment, it is merely functional when used as one of an armory of tools, instead than as the primary or exclusive agencies of zoonotic disease decrease amongst an immunocompromised population. Another recommendation was for a collaborative team-centered attack, in which wellness attention professionals form a squad to recommend for comprehensive medical direction programs that maximize healthy long lives for both human patients and pets. Since veterinaries have a duty to name, dainty and rede the proprietor or health professional on zoonotic disease it is of import that they feel they are a member of the wellness squad. Their function needs to guarantee that doctors and other wellness professionals are given accurate information on the hazards for their patients and practical advice on how to understate infections from happening. As portion of a collaborative squad, doctors should besides be proactive in asking about pet or dog ownership among their immunocompromised patients. Physicians must keep consciousness of pet infective diseases and hazards to advocate patients to forestall human infection. Doctors must besides acknowledge the disease in worlds every bit good as de velop cognition and apprehension of clinical syndromes in animate beings, because these may supply a hint to the aetiology of undiagnosed diseases in human patients. In order to ab initio make this positive working relationship, it is recommended that wellness scientific discipline colleges at universities create interdisciplinary nucleus classs necessitating all wellness subjects ( including but non limited to Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Public Health ) to work together on public wellness issues. By larning to work together groups learn to understand and recommend for each other, and hence go more expert at recommending for all of their patients. This would so widen to immunocompromised pet proprietors. Unfortunately, developing this type of course of study will take important organizational alteration and has non yet been completed. Organizational alteration seeks to cut down the demand for remedial or reactive policy by making positive, balanced and flexible constructions and schemes to get by with issues as they arise. Successful organizational alteration in this case requires reconstituting of resources and transmutation of metho dological analysis, which can merely be undertaken one time all cardinal stakeholders acknowledge and consider the possible effects of disregarding the state of affairs. As mentioned, it is estimated that at least 20 % of the current population is considered to be immunosuppressed ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . As this per centum grows, the impact of avoiding the reverberations of absent policies will go undeniable. However, legion pupil run interdisciplinary groups exist and one successful illustration of this type of confederation is the Aboriginal, Rural and Remote Health Group ( ARRHG ) from the University of Saskatchewan which fosters an interprofessional position on issues affecting vulnerable rural, distant and Aboriginal populations. With members from each of the professional wellness scientific discipline sections on campus, pupils learn to interact and pass on with a diverse array of subjects. In the interim, while waiting for new course of study to be developed, joint medi cal and veterinary medical workshops based on the success of groups such as ARRHG could be given to educate professionals on the zoonotic hazards to human wellness. By hammering ties, participants of these workshops would non merely go better advocators for their patients, but besides for the plans themselves, promoting universities to rush their bringing. The Role of Public Health Professionals Public wellness professionals have a important function in disease surveillance. Companion animate beings can be considered the proverbial ‘canary in a coal mine ‘ by which wellness boosters can break aim their activities based on current needs appraisals. As pets are in intimate contact with members of a human household, they frequently eat similar nutrients, portion the same beds, and serve as travel comrades ; therefore their disease hazard ends up similar to that of their proprietors. Animals hence may function as incidental lookouts for disease, as their wellness frequently mirrors that of worlds in the same family. Communication between veterinaries, doctors and public wellness functionaries can ease rapid sensing of disease and execution of disease-control and bar schemes to finally minimise damaging wellness effects in both people and animate beings ( Robinson and Pugh, 2002 ) . Public wellness bureaus could increase their engagement in the decrease of zoonotic di sease transmittal to immunocompromised persons by going involved in the development of educational stuffs, by moving as affairs between diverse wellness professionals and degrees of authorities, and by run intoing on a regular basis with the community to discourse concerns sing zoonotic diseases and their bar. Public wellness professionals could be instrumental in developing a secure online method for veterinaries, doctors and public wellness professionals to portion information sing zoonotic diseases within the community and possible methods with which to protect vulnerable groups prior to inclusion of the media. Decisions Zoonotic diseases are a turning public wellness concern, particularly among vulnerable immunosuppressed populations. As more than 75 % of emerging human infective diseases involve zoonotic pathogens ( Lefebvre et al, 2006 ) , and comrade animate beings remain an of import possible beginning of disease for the increasing figure of immunocompromised persons within the population. However, given the emotional and physical benefits of favored ownership, wellness practicians must better their accomplishments in wellness instruction, protagonism and collaborative communicating in order to guarantee that their patients remain capable of keeping their ain wellness while coexisting with their comrade animate beings. How to cite Collaboration To Prevent Zoonotic Disease Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Innovation and Business Development Coke and Pepsi

Question: Describe about the Innovation and Business Development for Coke and Pepsi. Answer: 1. Position of Coke and Pepsi in beverage industry The innovation performance framework involves the product innovation, which can be considered as an engine that drives a potential prosperity and growth in the particular industry. Coke and Pepsi operate its business in the beverage industry across the world (Forbes.com 2016). In this report, the Pest analysis and Porter 5 forces of Pepsi and Coke will be presented in order to provide an overview of the innovation performance of these companies. This report will explain the business canvas model and ten types of innovation that concentrate on the development of effective innovation by Coke and Pepsi. 2. Introduction According to Boudreau and Lakhani (2013), without innovation, a product of an organisation cannot exist in todays competitive business world. It is an essential factor for the companies like Coke and Pepsi to understand the business environment before innovation. Even the initiatives of the government policy, private and public research help the innovation process for a specific industry (Mohanty and Mohanty 2012). Various forces may affect the organisational innovation performance. The business organisations engage efficient and potential business experts for searching and understand the factors that may influence the innovation performance of an organisation. 3. Pest Analysis Political The changes in the regulations, laws and legislations of the country have influence on the innovation performance of Coke and Pepsi. There are changes in the non-alcoholic beverage industry; therefore, both Pepsi and Coke change the pricing policy and the raw materials of manufactured beverages. The underdeveloped economy of the country may influence the innovation performance. Economical The international economies have great influence on the organisational innovation process. The high inflation rates, the indirect process of dealing with the international bottling companies influence the product innovation. Social Both Pepsi and Coke are concerned with the health aspect of the consumers. Therefore, the innovation experts of these companies intend to produce nutritious beverages with low calorie count. The socio cultural aspects, such as the changes in lifestyle, population growth and trends of a country support the innovation performance of the company. The health consciousness and the living condition of the consumer also influence the innovation performance of the carbonated drinks (Maital and Seshadri 2012). The management of Coke has innovated low calorie but flavoured beverages in order to cater the health conscious customers across the world. On the other hand, there are hardly any innovations in the products of Pepsi. Technological The management of Coke creates completely new opportunities for offering the new products to the consumers. On the other hand, Pepsi fails to come up with innovative products with employing the new technologies in the beverage industry. There are constant new inventions and development in the beverage industry across the world, which influence the organisational innovation performance of Coke and Pepsi. Table 1: PEST Analysis (Source: Lemley and McKenna 2012) 4. Porter 5 Force Threat of new entry: The economies of scale, differences in the product proprietary and the switching costs can prove a big threat for the entry in the beverage industry (Forbes.com 2016). Even the capital requirements and accessing the distribution channels are considered as a potential threat for the new entry in the beverages industry. The major barriers for an organisation to enter into a new industry involve technology protection. It also take immense time and cost in order to make a successful entry within an industry. Bargaining power of customers: The volume and switching costs of the consumer influence the innovation performance of the companies like Coke and Pepsi. Various substitute products in the beverage industry increase the bargaining power of the consumer, which affects the innovation performance of Pepsi and Coke. However, the bargaining power of the customer can be determined by the quality of product, price and performance (Rothaermel 2015). Figure 1: Porters Five Force (Source: Muhtaro?lu et al. 2013) Bargaining power of suppliers: The presence of cheap substitute products in the beverage industry influences the bargaining power of the suppliers. According to Davila et al. (2012), the number and size of the existing suppliers determine the bargaining power of the suppliers. The uniqueness of services is the major power of the suppliers of Coke and Pepsi. Even the costs of substituting often suggest the supplier power. Rivalry among existing competitors: Coke and Pepsi encounter a tough completion in the beverage industry as well as from coffee chains like Starbucks, Costa. These companies also face competition from health drink companies like Tropicana and Real. There are large numbers of competitors of Coke and Pepsi in the soft drink industry also. The competitive rivalry can be determined by the differences in the product quality and customer loyalty. Threats of substitutes: The performance of the substitutes such as Tropicana, Real fruit juices and gourmet coffees from Starbucks and Costa are excellent in the beverage industry across the world. Therefore, all of these mentioned companies can become a substantial threat for the success of Pepsi and Coke, which produce carbonated soft drinks. However, the prices of the mentioned substitute products are much higher than the prices of Pepsi and Coke. 5. Business Canvas Model Massa and Tucci (2013) have mentioned that the Business canvas model involves the key partners, activities, resources, cost structures, customer relationships, value propositions, channels, revenue streams and customer segments. The business canvas model helps Pepsi and Coke to understand the importance of innovation from the leading business thinkers, adequate techniques for designing the business models, re-interpreting important strategies through the lens of business models. The business canvas model has improved the services and products performance of Coke and Pepsi. As both of these concerned companies belong to the beverage industry, therefore, this particular model tailors products to the specific requirements of individual consumers. The business canvas model allows the customised services and products to take advantage of the economies of scale (Kaplan 2012). It denotes the price, cost reduction, accessibility, usability, risk reduction, design, brand and value of the inno vative products from Pepsi and Coke. The business model innovation supports the implication of the new technologies. This particular model also promotes the process of innovating channels that describe the process by which an organisation communicates with its customers. Euchner and Ganguly (2014) have referred that the business model innovation raises awareness among the customers in order to deliver a perfect value proposition. The channel phase includes awareness, evaluation, delivery, purchase and the condition of after sales. Both Pepsi and Coke have to understand the illustration of the business canvas model in order to make a perfect financial sense. 6. Ten Types of Innovation The Ten Types Innovation framework is intuitive and simple as it can be used as an effective tool for enriching and diagnosing the innovation process (Keeley et al. 2013). Ten Types Innovation frameworks also help to analyse the existing competition within the particular industry. Ten Types Innovation involves Profit model, network, process, structure, product performance, product system, service, channel, brand, and customer engagement. The profit model suggests the ways to Pepsi and Coke for making money and structure aligns the innovative products with the assets and talents of these companies (Pepsico.com 2016). The product performance of Coke and Pepsi distinguishes the innovative functionality and features in the beverage industry. Coke has extended its brands into sectors, which range from soft drinks to the low calorie flavoured drinks. Kaplan (2012) has mentioned that there are ten types of innovation, which help an organisation a strong emphasis on environmental sensitivity and sustainability. Both Coke and Pepsi maintain perfect services with controlling their internal core value. Coke involves the efficient business experts for creating the values in order to differentiate own brand. Coke applies potential strategies in the changes from soft drink to flavoured drinks. Both Pepsi and Coke use complementary services and products with the help of innovative distribution channels. Both of these companies maintain distinctive interactions for the customer engagement. At present, Coke holds 56% market share and Pepsi holds 38% market share in the beverage industry (Coca-colacompany.com 2016). Pepsi makes the paper bottles in order to support the process of waste management. With innovative and modern technologies, the management of Pepsi proposes completely different methods of manufacturing. 7. Conclusion The present times reveal a very promising picture of Pepsi and Coke. Both Coke and Pepsi have been successfully able to build an innovative and creative brand portfolio. Pepsi heavily concentrates on their innovating packaging technologies. The local insights lead Coke and Pepsi to globally valid innovation. With employing potential creativity and innovation, there are large scopes for Coke and Pepsi to retain their current position in the beverage industry across the world. Both of these companies should focus on producing more low calories and flavoured drinks in order to cater the health conscious consumers. There are changes in the consumer preferences with creation of opportunities in the nutrition and health apace. Innovation will help both Coke and Pepsi to make healthy snack bars for the youngsters and kinds in order to increase the present sales revenue. Reference Boudreau, K.J. and Lakhani, K.R., 2013. Using the crowd as an innovation partner.Harvard business review,91(4), pp.60-69. Coca-colacompany.com 2016 Home Page Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/ [Accessed on Dec 1, 2016] Davila, T., Epstein, M. and Shelton, R., 2012.Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. 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